在Ubuntu 18.04系统中安装和使用Packer的方法

本文介绍在Ubuntu 18.04系统中安装和使用Packer的方法。

 

简介

Packer是一个开源工具，可以从单一源配置为多个平台创建相同的机器映像，它是一个跨平台的命令行和轻量级应用程序，能够为多个平台并行生成和高度机器映像。

Packer Machine Image是单个静态单元，包含预配置的操作系统和已安装的软件，用于快速创建新的运行机器，每个平台都会更改机器图像格式，一些示例包括EC2的AMI，VMware的VMDK/VMX文件，VirtualBox的OVF导出等。

 

在Ubuntu 18.04中安装Packer的方法

Packer可以从预编译的二进制文件或源代码安装，所有用户的简单和推荐方法是二进制安装方法，当前最版本是1.3.4，Packer下载地址，在终端中下载：

wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/packer/1.3.4/packer_1.3.4_Linux_amd64.zip

解压缩下载的文件：

unzip packer_1.3.4_Linux_amd64.zip

将打包器二进制文件移动到/usr/local/bin目录：

sudo mv packer /usr/local/bin

安装Packer后，通过检查打包器是否可用来验证安装是否正常：

$ packer

Usage: packer [--version] [--help] 

Available commands are:

build--build image(s) from template

fix--fixes templates from old versions of packer

inspect--see components of a template

validate--check that a template is valid

version--Prints the Packer version

如果将打包器bi放在不同的目录中，则PATH变量应包含此目录。

 

使用Packer的方法

构建器用于生成图像并从模板为各种平台创建机器，模板是一个配置文件，用于定义构建的图像，其格式为JSON。

在下面的示例中，我们将使用VirtualBox Builder创建Ubuntu 18.04 VirtualBox虚拟机并以OVA或OVF格式导出，Ubuntu 18.02.2下载地址：Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS发布，附更新详情。

让我们创建我们的工作目录：

mkdir projects/packer/

cd projects/packer/

使用以下内容创建名为build.json的文件：

{

"variables": {

"hostname": "ubuntu",

"domain": "local",

"ssh_user": "packer",

"ssh_pass": "[email protected]"

},

"builders": [{

"type": "Virtualbox-iso",

"guest_os_type": "Ubuntu_64",

"vm_name": "ubuntu-18.04-vbox-template",

"iso_url": "http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/18.04/release/ubuntu-18.04.2-server-amd64.iso",

"iso_target_path": "/home/jmutai/iso/ubuntu-18.04.2-server-amd64.iso",

"iso_checksum": "34416ff83179728d54583bf3f18d42d2",

"iso_checksum_type": "md5",

"memory": "1024",

"cpus": "1",

"disk_size": "20000",

"format": "ova",

"guest_additions_mode": "upload",

"headless": "false",

"http_directory": "http",

"ssh_username": "{{user `ssh_user`}}",

"ssh_password": "{{user `ssh_pass`}}",

"ssh_wait_timeout": "20m",

"shutdown_command": "sudo /sbin/halt -p",

"boot_command": [

"<enter><wait><f6><esc><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs>",

"<bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs>",

"<bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs>",

"<bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs><bs>",

"/install/vmlinuz<wait>",

" auto<wait>",

" console-setup/ask_detect=false<wait>",

" console-setup/layoutcode=us<wait>",

" console-setup/modelcode=pc105<wait>",

" debconf/frontend=noninteractive<wait>",

" debian-installer=en_US<wait>",

" fb=false<wait>",

" initrd=/install/initrd.gz<wait>",

" kbd-chooser/method=us<wait>",

" keyboard-configuration/layout=USA<wait>",

" keyboard-configuration/variant=USA<wait>",

" locale=en_US<wait>",

" netcfg/get_domain={{user `domain`}}<wait>",

" netcfg/get_hostname={{user `hostname`}}<wait>",

" grub-installer/bootdev=/dev/sda<wait>",

" noapic<wait>",

" preseed/url=http://{{ .HTTPIP }}:{{ .HTTPPort }}/preseed.cfg",

" -- <wait>",

"<enter><wait>"

]

}],

"provisioners": [{

"type": "shell",

"inline": [

"sleep 30",

"sudo apt update",

"sudo apt -y install bash-completion wget vim php php-fpm php-mysql"

]

}]

}

更改设置以适应ypur部署设计，我们还需要一个preseed文件来自动使用Packer在VirtualBox上安装Ubuntu 18.04。

创建JSON构建文件中指定的http目录：

mkdir http

然后粘贴到http/preseed.cfg文件下面：

# Language and Locale

d-i debian-installer/language string en

d-i debian-installer/locale string en_US.UTF-8

d-i localechooser/preferred-locale string en_US.UTF-8

d-i localechooser/supported-locales en_US.UTF-8

# Hostname / domain

d-i netcfg/get_hostname string ubuntu

d-i netcfg/get_domain string local

# Keyboard

d-i console-setup/ask_detect boolean false

d-i keyboard-configuration/layout select USA

d-i keyboard-configuration/variant select USA

d-i keyboard-configuration/modelcode string pc105

# Timezone / Time

d-i time/zone string UTC

d-i clock-setup/utc-auto boolean true

d-i clock-setup/utc boolean true

# Server

tasksel tasksel/first multiselect standard, ubuntu-server

# No proxy

d-i mirror/http/proxy string

# Packages Policy

d-i pkgsel/install-language-support boolean false

d-i pkgsel/update-policy select none

d-i pkgsel/upgrade select full-upgrade

d-i pkgsel/include string openssh-server cryptsetup build-essential libssl-dev libreadline-dev zlib1g-dev

# Partitioning

d-i partman-auto/method string lvm

d-i partman-auto-lvm/guided_size string max

d-i partman-auto/choose_recipe select atomic

d-i partman-auto/disk string /dev/sda

d-i partman-lvm/confirm boolean true

d-i partman-lvm/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true

d-i partman-lvm/device_remove_lvm boolean true

d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true

d-i partman/confirm boolean true

d-i partman/confirm_write_new_label boolean true

d-i partman/choose_partition select finish

# Create packer user account.

d-i passwd/user-fullname string packer

d-i passwd/username string packer

d-i passwd/user-password password [email protected]

d-i passwd/user-password-again password [email protected]

d-i user-setup/allow-password-weak boolean true

d-i user-setup/encrypt-home boolean false

d-i passwd/user-default-groups packer sudo

如果使用此示例，则需要更改用户名和密码，以便在预置文件中创建用户。

通过运行以下命令来构建映像：

packer build build.json

由于我们在无头模式下关闭了安装，你应该能够在VirtualBox UI上观看安装。